https://doi.org/10.7343/as-2024-743
Mapping saltwater intrusion via Electromagnetic Induction for planning a Managed Aquifer Recharge facility in Maltese island
Submitted: 15 December 2023
Accepted: 4 March 2024
Published: 28 March 2024
Accepted: 4 March 2024
Abstract Views: 711
PDF: 329
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
In coastal areas, saltwater intrusion causes a depletion of the resource by reducing potable and irrigation freshwater supplies and causing severe deterioration of groundwater quality. This trend is observed in Pwales Valley, in the northern part of Malta, where the management of water resources plays a crucial role for the environmental sustainability of the area, given the importance of intensive agricultural activity along this valley. In order to tackle such a phenomenon, actions or adaptation measures against climate change are strongly required. For example, managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is an increasingly important water management strategy to maintain, enhance, and secure stressed groundwater systems and to protect and improve water quality. To accurately plan a MAR scheme, it is crucial to define a hydrogeological model of the studied area with the use of traditional hydrogeological measurements and innovative unconventional techniques. In recent years, electromagnetic induction measurements based on the induction of EM fields have been increasingly used for investigating saltwater intrusion dynamics due to their high sensitivity to salinity. In the study area of Pwales Valley, a managed aquifer recharge scheme is being planned, and, for this aim, a hydrogeological model has been developed through an electromagnetic induction survey. More than 20,000 apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) data points were collected to generate a quasi-3D high-resolution model of the electrical conductivity of the Pwales Valley. The results highlighted the spatial extension of the tongue-shape salt water intrusion from east to west along the valley, as well as some geological-hydrogeological peculiarities such as the thickness of the salt wedge and the irregular top surface of the bottom impermeable layer, otherwise undetectable with other direct techniques at the field scale resolution. The approach was confirmed to be a useful tool for effective hydrogeological characterization, essential for planning adaptation measures to a changing climate, such as the implementation of a managed aquifer recharge scheme.
Alfarrah, N., & Walraevens, K. (2018). Groundwater overexploitation and seawater intrusion in coastal areas of arid and semi-arid regions. Water, 10, 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020143
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020143
Aslam, R.A., Shrestha, S., & Pandey, V.P. (2018). Groundwater vulnerability to climate change: A review of the assessment methodology. Science of the Total Environment, 612, 853-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.237
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.237
Bellafiore, D., Ferrarin, C., Maicu, F., Manfè, G., Lorenzetti, G., Umgiesser, G., Zaggia, L., & Valle Levinson A. (2021). Saltwater intrusion in a Mediterranean Delta under a changing climate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126, e2020JC016437. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016437
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016437
Boaga, J., Ghinassi, M., D’Alpaos, A., Deidda, G. P., Rodriguez, G., & Cassiani, G. (2018). Geophysical investigations unravel the vestiges of ancient meandering channels and their dynamics in tidal landscapes. Scientific Reports, 8, 1708. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20061-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20061-5
Brosten, T.R., Day-Lewis, F.D., Schultz, G.M., Curtis, G.P. and Lane Jr, J.W. (2011). Inversion of multi-frequency electromagnetic induction data for 3D characterization of hydraulic conductivity. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 73(4), pp.323-335.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.02.004
Buselli, G., Davis, G.B., Barber, C., Height, M.I. and Howard, S.H.D., (1992). The application of electromagnetic and electrical methods to groundwater problems in urban environments. Exploration Geophysics, 23(4), pp.543-555.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/EG992543
Brogi, C., Huisman, J.A., Pätzold, S., Von Hebel, C., Weihermüller, L., Kaufmann, M.S., Van Der Kruk, J. and Vereecken, H., 2019. Largescale soil mapping using multi-configuration EMI and supervised image classification. Geoderma, 335, pp.133-148.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.08.001
Cassiani, G., Ursino, N., Deiana, R., Vignoli, G., Boaga, J., Rossi, M., Perri, M. T., Blaschek, M., Duttmann, R., Meyer, S., Ludwig, R., Soddu, A., Dietrich, P., & Werban, U. (2012). Noninvasive monitoring of soil static characteristics and dynamic states: a case study highlighting vegetation effects on agricultural land. Vadose Zone Journal, 11(13). https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2011.0195
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2011.0195
Christiansen, A.V., Pedersen, J.B., Auken, E., Søe, N.E., Holst, M.K. and Kristiansen, S.M. (2016). Improved geoarchaeological mapping with electromagnetic induction instruments from dedicated processing and inversion. Remote Sensing, 8(12), p.1022.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8121022
Colombani, N., Osti, A., Volta, G., & Mastrocicco, M. (2016). Impact of climate change on salinization of coastal water resources. Water Resources Management, 30, 2483–2496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1292-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1292-z
Costall, A. R., Harris, B. D., Teo, B., Schaa, R., Wagner, F. M. & Pigois, J. P. (2020). Groundwater throughflow and seawater intrusion in high quality coastal Aquifers. Scientific Reports, 10, 9866. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6
De Carlo, L., Vivaldi, G.A., & Caputo, M.C. (2022). Electromagnetic Induction measurements for investigating soil salinization caused by saline reclaimed water. Atmosphere, 13, 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/ atmos13010073
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010073
DeGroot-Hedlin C. & Constable S. C. (1990). Occam’s inversion to generate smooth, two-dimensional models from magnetotelluric data. Geophysics, 55, 1613-1624. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442813
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442813
Deidda, G. P., De Carlo, L., Caputo, M. C., & Cassiani, G. (2022). Frequency domain electromagnetic induction imaging: An effective method to see inside a capped landfill. Waste Management, 144, 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.007
Demichele, F., Micallef, F., Portoghese, I., Mamo, J. A., Sapiano, M., Schembri, M., Schüth, C. (2023). Determining aquifer hydrogeological parameters in coastal aquifers from tidal attenuation analysis, case Study: the Malta Mean Sea Level Aquifer system. Water, 15, 177. https:// doi.org/10.3390/w15010177
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010177
De Smedt, P., Van Meirvenne, M., Saey, T., Baldwin, E., Gaffney, C. and Gaffney, V., (2014). Unveiling the prehistoric landscape at Stonehenge through multi-receiver EMI. Journal of Archaeological Science, 50, pp.16-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.06.020
Dillon, P., Stuyfzand, P., Grischek, T., Lluria, M., Pyne, R. D. G., Jain, R. C., Bear, J., Schwarz, J., Wang, W., Fernandez, E., Stefan, C., Pettenati, M., van der Gun, J., Sprenger, C., Massmann, G., Scanlon, B. R., Xanke, J., Jokela, P., Zheng, Y., Rossetto, R., Shamrukh, M., Pavelic, P., Murray, E., Ross, A., Bonilla Valverde, J. P., Palma Nava, A., Ansems, N., Posavec, K., Ha, K., Martin, R. & Sapiano, M. (2019). Sixty years of global progress in managed aquifer recharge. Hydrogeological Journal, 27, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1841-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1841-z
Dragonetti, G., Comegna, A., Ajeel, A., Deidda, G. P., Lamaddalena, N., Rodriguez, G., Vignoli, G., & Coppola, A. (2018). Calibrating electromagnetic induction conductivities with time-domain reflectometry measurements. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22, 1509-1523. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-288
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1509-2018
EMTOMO LDA (2023). EM4Soil-v4.5 – Guide. A program for 1D Laterally Constrained Inversion. 55 pp
Ferguson, G., & Gleeson, T. (2012). Vulnerability of coastal aquifers to groundwater use and climate change. Nature Climate Change, 2, 342-345. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1413
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1413
Frollini, E., Parrone, D., Ghergo, S., Masciale, R., Passarella, G., Pennisi, M., Salvadori, M., & Preziosi, E. (2022). An integrated approach for investigating the salinity evolution in a Mediterranean coastal karst aquifer. Water, 14, 1725. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111725
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111725
Guillemoteau, J., Dousteyssier, B., Heinig, L., Tchana, S.G.N. and Tronicke, J., 2023. Evaluation of the 3-D Multichannel Deconvolution Method for the Case of Low S/N Inphase Data Collected With Loop–Loop FD-EMI Sensors. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 61, pp.1-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2023.3336528
Iyalomhe, F., Rizzi, J., Pasini, S., Torresan, S., Critto, A., & Marcomini, A. (2015) Regional risk assessment for climate change impacts on coastal aquifers. Science of The Total Environment, 537, 100-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.111
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.111
Jadoon, K.Z., Moghadas, D., Jadoon, A., Missimer, T.M., Al- Mashharawi, S.K. and McCabe, M.F. (2015). Estimation of soil salinity in a drip irrigation system by using joint inversion of multicoil electromagnetic induction measurements. Water Resources Research, 51(5), pp.3490-3504.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016245
Jansen, J., Haddad, B., Fassbender, W. and Jurcek, P. (1992). Frequency domain electromagnetic induction sounding surveys for landfill site characterization studies. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 12(4), pp.103-109.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1992.tb00068.x
Kaufmann, M.S., von Hebel, C., Weihermüller, L., Baumecker, M., Döring, T., Schweitzer, K., Hobley, E., Bauke, S.L., Amelung, W., Vereecken, H. and van der Kruk, J., (2020). Effect of fertilizers and irrigation on multi configuration electromagnetic induction measurements. Soil use and management, 36(1), pp.104-116.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12530
Keller, G. V. & Frischknecht, F. C. (1996). Electrical methods in geophysical prospecting. Pergamon Press, Inc., 513 pp.
Ketabchi, H., Mahmoodzadeh, D., Ataie-Ashtiani, B., & Simmons, C. T. (2016). Sea-level rise impacts on sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers: Review and integration. Journal of Hydrology, 535, 235–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.083
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.083
Lascano, E., Martinelli, P., & Osella, A. (2006). EMI data from an archaeological resistive target revisited. Near Surface Geophysics, 4(6), 395-400. https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2006013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2006013
Lotti, F., Borsi, I., Guastaldi, E., Barbagli, A., Basile, P., Favaro, L., Mallia, A., Xuereb, R., Schembri, M., Mamo, J. A., & Sapiano, M. (2021). Numerically enhanced conceptual modelling (NECoM) applied to the Malta Mean Sea Level Aquifer. Hydrogeology Journal, 29, 1517-1537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02330-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02330-2
Lu, J., Zhang, Y., Shi, H., & Lv, X. (2022). Coastal vulnerability modelling and social vulnerability assessment under anthropogenic impacts. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 1015781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1015781
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1015781
Martinelli, P., & Duplaa, M. C. (2008). Laterally filtered 1D inversions of small-loop, frequency domain EMI data from a chemical waste site. Geophysics, 73(4), F143–F149. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2917197
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2917197
Masciale, R., Amalfitano, S., Frollini, E., Ghergo, S., Melita, M., Parrone, D., Preziosi, E., Vurro, M., Zoppini, A., & Passarella, G. (2021). Assessing natural background levels in the groundwater bodies of the Apulia Region (Southern Italy). Water, 13, 958. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070958
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070958
Masciopinto, C. (2013). Management of aquifer recharge in Lebanon by removing seawater intrusion from coastal aquifers. Journal of Environmental Management, 130, 306-312. https://doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.021
Masciopinto, C., & Liso, I. S. (2016). Assessment of the impact of sealevel rise due to climate change on coastal groundwater discharge. Science of The Total Environment, 569, 672-680. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.183
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.183
McLachlan, P., Blanchy, G., Chambers, J., Sorensen, J., Uhlemann, S., Wilkinson, P. and Binley, A., (2021). The application of electromagnetic induction methods to reveal the hydrogeological structure of a riparian wetland. Water Resources Research, 57(6), p.e2020WR029221.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR029221
McNeill, J.D. (1980). Electromagnetic terrain conductivity measurement at low induction numbers: Geonics, Technical Note TN-6. Available at http://www.geonics.com/pdfs/technicalnotes/tn6.pdf
Minsley, B.J., Smith, B.D., Hammack, R., Sams, J.I. and Veloski, G., 2012. Calibration and filtering strategies for frequency domain electromagnetic data. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 80, pp.56-66.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.01.008
Monteiro Santos, F.A., (2004). 1-D laterally constrained inversion of EM34 profiling data. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 56, 123-134. https://doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2004.04.005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2004.04.005
Moore, W. S., & Joye S. B. (2021). Saltwater intrusion and submarine groundwater discharge: acceleration of biogeochemical reactions in changing coastal aquifers. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9, 600710. https://doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.600710
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.600710
Osella, A., de la Vega, M., & Lascano, E. (2005). 3D electrical imaging of an archaeological site using electrical and electromagnetic methods. Geophysics, 70(4), G101–G107. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1993727
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1993727
Page, D., Bekele, E., Vanderzalm, J., & Sidhu, J. (2018). Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in sustainable urban water management. Water, 10, 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030239
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030239
Polemio, M., Sapiano, M., Santaloia, F., Basso, A., Dragone, V, De Giorgio, G., Limoni, P., Zuffianò, L. E., Mangion, J., & Schembri, M. (2019). A hydrogeological study to support the optimized management of the main sea level aquifer of the island of Malta. Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana, 47, 85-89. https://doi.org/10.3301/ROL.2019.16
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3301/ROL.2019.16
Post, V.E.A., & Werner A. D. (2017). Coastal aquifers: Scientific advances in the face of global environmental challenges. Journal of Hydrology, 551, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.046
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.046
Qin, R., Wu, Y., Xu, Z., Xie, D., & Zhang, C. (2013). Assessing the impact of natural and anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality in coastal alluvial aquifers of the lower Liaohe River Plain, NE China. Applied Geochemistry, 31, 142-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.01.001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.01.001
Revil, A., Karaoulis, M., Johnson, T. and Kemna, A. (2012). Some lowfrequency electrical methods for subsurface characterization and monitoring in hydrogeology. Hydrogeology Journal, 20(4), p.617.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0819-x
Ringleb, J., Sallwey, J., & Stefan, C. (2016). Assessment of Managed Aquifer Recharge through Modeling-A Review. Water, 8, 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8120579
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w8120579
Robinson, D.A., Binley, A., Crook, N., Day-Lewis, F.D., Ferré, T.P.A., Grauch, V.J.S., Knight, R., Knoll, M., Lakshmi, V., Miller, R. and Nyquist, J. (2008). Advancing process-based watershed hydrological research using near-surface geophysics: A vision for, and review of, electrical and magnetic geophysical methods. Hydrological Processes: An International Journal, 22(18), pp.3604-3635.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6963
Sasaki, Y. (1989). Two-dimensional joint inversion of magnetotelluric and dipole-dipole resistivity data. Geophysics, 54, 254-262. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442649
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442649
Tarolli, P., Luo, J., Straffelini, E., Liou, Y. A., Nguyen, K. A., Laurenti R., Masin, R., & D’Agostino, V. (2023). Saltwater intrusion and climate change impact on coastal agriculture. PLOS Water, 2(4), e0000121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000121
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000121
Tezkan, B. (1999). A review of environmental applications of quasistationary electromagnetic techniques. Surveys in Geophysics, 20, pp.279-308.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006669218545
Tully, K. L., Weissman, D., Jesse Wyner, W., Miller, J., & Jordan, T. (2019). Soils in transition: saltwater intrusion alters soil chemistry in agricultural fields. Biogeochemistry, 142, 339-56. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48701385
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-019-00538-9
von Hebel, C., Rudolph, S., Mester, A., Huisman, J.A., Kumbhar, P., Vereecken, H. and van der Kruk, J. (2014). Three-dimensional imaging of subsurface structural patterns using quantitative largescale multiconfiguration electromagnetic induction data. Water Resources Research, 50(3), pp.2732-2748.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014864
von Hebel, C., Reynaert, S., Pauly, K., Janssens, P., Piccard, I., Vanderborght, J., van der Kruk, J., Vereecken, H. and Garré, S. (2021). Toward high-resolution agronomic soil information and management zones delineated by ground-based electromagnetic induction and aerial drone data. Vadose zone journal, 20(4), p.e20099.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/vzj2.20099
Werner, A. D., & Simmons C. T. (2009). Impact of sea-level rise on sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers. Groundwater, 47, 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00535.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00535.x
Yao, R., & Yang, J. (2010). Quantitative evaluation of soil salinity and its spatial distribution using electromagnetic induction method. Agricultural Water Management, 97(12), 1961-1970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.02.001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.02.001
Zaccaria, D., Passarella, G., D’Agostino, D., Giordano, R., & Solis, S. S. (2016). Risk assessment of aquifer salinization in a large-scale coastal irrigation scheme, Italy. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water, 44(4), 371-382. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201400396
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201400396
How to Cite
De Carlo, L., Turturro, A. C., Caputo, M. C., Sapiano, M., Mamo, J., Balzan, O., … Schembri, M. (2024). Mapping saltwater intrusion via Electromagnetic Induction for planning a Managed Aquifer Recharge facility in Maltese island. Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater, 13(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.7343/as-2024-743
Copyright (c) 2024 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Piero Mori, James Baldock, Andrea Gigliuto, Mattia Cappelletti Zaffaroni, Cecilia Marino, Remediation of chlorinated solvents with Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH) at an active industrial site in Italy , Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater: Vol. 12 No. 3 (2023)
- Diego Di Curzio, Hydrogeochemical and hydrodynamic features affecting redox processes in groundwater , Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater: Vol. 8 No. 3 (2019)
- Giuseppe Sappa, Francesco Maria De Filippi, Flavia Ferranti, Silvia Iacurto, Environmental issues and anthropic pressures in coastal aquifers: a case study in Southern Latium Region , Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater: Vol. 8 No. 1 (2019)
- Yongcheol Kim, Heesung Yoon, Soo-Hyung Lee, Freshwater-salt water interface dynamics during pumping tests , Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater: Vol. 8 No. 1 (2019)
- Farès Kessasra, Nour-Houda Mezerreg, Hydrogeology in Algeria - 2nd section , Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater: Vol. 12 No. 2 (2023)
- Isidoro Bonfà, Francesco La Vigna, Simona Martelli, Lucilla Ticconi, Environmental issues due to organohalogenated compounds diffuse pollution in groundwater. Emerging issue in the Roman area? , Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater: Vol. 6 No. 2 (2017)
- Marco Pola, Ivica Pavičić, Vedran Rubinić, Ivan Kosović, Lidija Galović, Staša Borović, Lara Wacha, Kosta Urumović, First results of multidisciplinary investigations for the hydrogeological conceptual modelling of loess deposits in eastern Croatia , Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater: Vol. 9 No. 1 (2020)
- Valentina Vincenzi, Michele Sapigni, Hydrogeological characterization and parameters estimation of the aquifer close to the Adige River (Verona, Italy) for the design of deep excavations , Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater: Vol. 8 No. 2 (2019)
- Alessio Fileccia, Water well drilling: tips and key points to consider in water well design , Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater: Vol. 12 No. 1 (2023)
- Eleonora Frollini, Methodological approach for the estimation of recoverable LNAPL volumes in aquifer and for the analysis of residual phase behaviour in laboratory , Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater: Vol. 6 No. 4 (2017)
<< < 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
