Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater

Foreword

Julie Hollis — 2024-09-30

This special publication, Groundwater in the Cities of Europe, comes at a time when groundwater is increasingly recognised as a resource under threat...

Groundwater in the cities of Europe: hidden challenges in a changing climate

Klaus Hinsby — 2024-09-30

In European cities, groundwater remains an issue of significant concern, largely because it is “out of sight and out of mind.” The general public, and even decision-makers, possess only a limited understanding of the state and characteristics of this vital resource. As a consequence, problems related to groundwater quality or changing water tables/piezometric surfaces may persist for years, or even decades, without being adequately addressed-or worse, without being noticed at all before resulting in land subsidence,saltwater intrusion, deep migration of persistent organic contaminants like PFAS (Le monde, 2023) or other irreversible consequences. The urban water cycle is central to ensuring the supply of clean, safe drinking water, effective sanitation, and wellfunctioning drainage systems for millions of residents. The impacts of human activities, such as land use change, excessive water abstraction and mismanagement, and the discharge of wastewater can exert a far greater influence on groundwater systems and hydrogeology than climate change. These activities alter the quantity and quality of both surface and groundwater, raising complex scientific, technical, socio-economic, cultural, and ethical challenges in urban water management. It is important to address the many challenges associated with ensuring water security and safety in cities (Quevauviller et al., 2024), as well as for development of effective climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies for urban areas (IPCC, 2024). Groundwater plays a critical role in the green transition and is an integral component of most climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies (Ingemarsson et al., 2022), and for meeting the increasing demand for freshwater in cities due to accelerating urbanization (United Nations, 2022). Many urbanized areas in Europe already face poor chemical and quantitative status (EEA, 2024; Sentek et al., 2024), and global change including increasing populations and sea level rise pose a tremendous challenge for safe and secure water supply especially in coastal European cities. Open access to digital subsurface data e.g. through the European Geological Data Infrastructure supports societal needs and UN sustainable development goals (Hinsby et al., 2024). This special issue demonstrates some of the important issues that the water supply of European cities are facing in times of increasing competing use of the subsurface (Volckko et al., 2020), projected climate change impacts on the hydrological cycle (Henriksen et al., 2023) and with freshwater now being among the transgressed planetary boundaries (Richardsson et al., 2023). [...]

Review: Urban Water Security and Safety

Philippe Quevauviller — 2024-09-30

“Water security” and “water safety” is defined differently. As the terms are related they may lead to confusion and misinterpretations, depending on the context. Water security generally refers to a lack of resources of an acceptable quality, i.e. water scarcity that may be related either to an excess of water demand or drought impacts (with links to climate change and e.g. salt water intrusion into coastal aquifers). Further, water security is closely related to food security, energy security, health security and ecological security. From a (human) security viewpoint, however, water security may also be understood in the light of possible intentional degradation of the resources, e.g. criminal or terrorist act leading to a deliberate (chemical or biological) contamination of water supply systems. Water safety on the other hand refers to the quality or chemical status of the water resources that has to comply with the defined quality standards for drinking water specifically to protect human health, both from elevated concentrations of contaminants and natural geogenic elements. This review gives a snapshot of various (ground)water safety and security issues written by authors from different sectors and disciplines. Illustrating and clarifying the many societal challenges related to water security and safety in cities.

Groundwater resilience, security, and safety in the four largest cities in Denmark

L. F. Jorgensen — 2024-09-30

Denmark's complete reliance on groundwater for water supply presents a unique case study in management of natural resources, urban planning, and water resilience in the face of climate change. This paper examines the groundwater management strategies in Denmark in general, focusing on Denmark's four largest cities—Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense, and Aalborg— each facing distinct challenges due to their demographic, geographical, hydrogeological, and economic characteristics. Through analysis of these cities' approaches to groundwater management, this research contributes to the global discourse on sustainable urban water supply systems. As coastal groundwater cities (CGC), these urban areas must navigate the complexities of sustaining growing populations, mitigating climate change impacts, and coastal processes while ensuring the long-term viability of their groundwater resources. Copenhagen and Aalborg, built atop semi-confined fractured and locally karstic carbonate rocks, highlights the specific challenges associated with karstic groundwater systems, while, Aarhus, and Odense built on glaciofluvial aquifers faces different issues. The different groundwater challenges in these cities underscores the importance of integrating urban development with water resource management and environmental sustainability, offering valuable insights and lessons learned for other regions facing similar challenges. This study, thus not only sheds light on Denmark's groundwater management practices, but also emphasizes the need for innovative solutions to ensure the resilience of urban water supply systems in a changing climate and increasing pressures of emerging organic contaminants and elevated concentrations of geogenic elements induced by water abstraction and fluctuating water tables. Advanced Danish monitoring and modelling tools applied to support decision-making and innovation within the water sector are continuously developed and improved to support resilient and sustainable management of the available water resources.

Exploring the aquifers shaping Italy's sub-urban landscape

F. La Vigna — 2024-09-30

This review paper examines the hydrogeological characteristics and challenges of urban groundwater management in ten major Italian cities: Turin, Milano, Padova, Bologna, Roma, Pescara, Napoli, Bari, Catania, and Cagliari. Urbanization has placed significant pressure on groundwater systems, highlighting the need for sustainable management. The study categorizes the cities based on their hydrogeological settings and groundwater uses, identifying key issues such as salinization, industrial contamination, and land subsidence. The findings emphasize the importance of urban local aquifers (ULAs) for drinking water, industry, and ecological support, advocating for integrated urban water management and governance to enhance resilience against future water shortages and climate change impacts.

Mapping the intrinsic potential of water infiltration in urban subsurface: feedback from France

Flora Lucassou — 2024-09-30

In a context of increasing urbanization, with strong soil sealing, and with an increase in extreme weather events, the management of rainwater in urban areas is becoming a major issue. In order to improve water resource management and to prevent urban floods, more and more cities are considering or already implementing water infiltration systems. Infiltration of water is not possible anywhere due to natural and/or anthropic reasons. In this frame, the intrinsic infiltration capacity of the subsurface is one key natural parameter. Global maps are needed to build territorial strategies. In France, a lot of studies are available but a national methodological framework for mapping this index does not exist. In this paper, we analyse various studies carried out in France for such mapping and compare the methods with examples in other countries. Most of the French studies combine a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and a Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis. The criteria include geological, hydrogeological and geomorphological parameters. The PHOEBUS method developed on Rennes Metropolis seems the most relevant and replicable one to provide a common framework at French scale. It takes into account 7 criteria, including rock/soil permeability, topographic slope and thickness of the unsaturated zone. The obtained maps may be used as such, modified by integrating sealed surfaces or crossed with other criteria linked to the urban environment (e.g. sealed surfaces, soil pollution, heat islands). They provide a decision support tool for urban planning. In particular, they are useful to improve rainwater management, but also in the elaboration of desealing or renaturation strategies. It seems essential to act in concertation with local stakeholders to identify their needs and the specificities of the territory.

Groundwater for urban water supply in Ukraine: a case study of Mykolaiv (Military challenges and lessons for the future)

Viacheslav Shestopalov — 2024-09-30

The paper discusses the possibility of using groundwater as a source of water supply for Mykolaiv during emergencies or military operations. A hydrogeological model of the Mykolaiv groundwater field was developed to investigate the water exchange pattern and sources of operational groundwater reserves in the Upper Sarmatian aquifer, which is a primary source of drinking groundwater in the Mykolaiv area. The influence of various factors on water-bearing capacity of the Upper Sarmatian sediments was assessed, including the vulnerability of the fresh groundwater to the intrusion of brackish water from the Bug Estuary. The study also examined the feasibility of operating the aquifer under forced conditions, depending on the duration of emergency periods or military operations.

Impact of hydrogeology factors on geotechnical conditions of the heritage Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Monastery complex: Lessons from three decades of monitoring

Iryna Cherevko — 2024-09-30

Abstract

The architectural ensemble of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra monastery located in the city of Kyiv on the Right Bank of the Dnipro River, which represents historical and cultural heritage of world significance, suffers from a wide range of hazardous geological processes. The review and analysis of data of the long-term (since the 1990s) groundwater monitoring studies of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra shows that hydrogeological hazards caused by a complex combination of natural and anthropogenic factors (as well as sometimes by engineering miscalculations) have led to a significant number of emergency situations that threaten the heritage architectural monuments. Monitoring data illustrate a wide range of hydrogeological hazards (flooding, subsidence, landslides, suffusion), and emphasize the importance of consideration of hydrogeological aspects for safeguarding architectural monuments in the urbanized context. The paper also summarizes experience in engineering measures aimed at mitigating of hydrogeological hazards and discusses the pending research tasks

Urban Water Management in Milan Metropolitan Area, a review

Davide Sartirana — 2024-09-30

The increasing rate of urbanisation and extreme climatic events represent a constant threat for urban water resources management. In recent decades, Milan Metropolitan Area (Lombardy Region, Northern Italy) has been affected by a) frequent extreme rainfall events, responsible for the flooding of major surface water courses, and b) groundwater management problems, both from a quantitative (i.e. interaction with underground infrastructures) and qualitative point of view. Moreover, the increasing use of groundwater geothermal systems also requires further considerations. This work analyses the literature available in the area regarding surface floods, groundwater quantity, quality, and temperature. Finally, a discussion is provided to understand a) which approaches could promote an effective management of both surface water and groundwater resources b) which points of contact emerge between these two aspects of the urban water cycle, and c) which possible urban interventions could contribute to an integrated and functional management of water resources, also reducing some current issues.

Groundwater in the city of Pesaro (Marche, Italy): anthropic impact and interference with the urban environment

Daniele Farina — 2024-09-30

Groundwater in the urban area of Pesaro is a significant local resource, supplementing the main surfacewater supply from the external Metauro watershed. Nevertheless, since Pesaro’s groundwater is tapped from a coastal alluvial aquifer in a heavily anthropized environment, its use involves mutual impacts with the urban environment, which poses several constraints. Our work schematized the main interferences of groundwater with building works such as housing (i.e. foundations and underground works), hydraulic infrastructures, wells’ network development, and geoexchange projects. Moreover, the presence of a seawater wedge, historically intruding the aquifer, must be taken into account, alongside its potential evolution in changing climate scenarios. Contaminated sites were also analyzed, as they represent a critical issue when further groundwater withdrawals are planned. Due to these complex interactions, there is a need for renewed commitment to studying and monitoring the local water resource. This is also essential for promoting awareness among both citizens and the local government that its use will remain crucial for a long time.

Guardians of the aquifers: enhancing Rome’s groundwater monitoring network

Mauro Roma — 2024-09-30

This paper proposes a methodology for managing groundwater monitoring directly in the field through a specific data entry system installed on mobile devices and a relational geographic database that allows the visualization and querying of data via a specific web interface. The study area is the city of Rome, where a monitoring system of approximately 150 piezometers and wells, currently manually monitored twice a year. The proposed method uses the Enterprise cloud platform (ESRI, 2024) managed by ISPRA-SNPA, which guarantees the repository of the data collected in an online cloud system and the use of Web applications. The data of the time series of levels and chemical-physical parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity are freely accessible through attribute tables, graphs, and viewer elements. The results highlight numerous possibilities for expanding the network of active wells, enabling the use of groundwater resources for adaptation measures to address ongoing climate change.

Hydrogeological and historical aspects of the water supply of Benevento town since Roman times

Libera Esposito — 2024-09-30

The research analyses the historical evolution of the water supply systems of the city of Benevento (southern Italy) during centuries. We focused on three main historical periods, namely the Roman, Lombard and Papal times, and the recent-present times. During this long historical time, the water supply amount and quality have changed many times, and this has probably affected the well-being and growth of the city. The best water quality characterized the Roman times, when large karst springs were tapped, feeding the town for centuries. In this period, the town experienced the largest population expansion. On the other hand, the most depressed period was the Papal times, coinciding with the isolation of the city, as it was an enclave of the Pontifical State. During this period, the water supply from external sources was not guaranteed and therefore it primarily derived from the local, low-quality water resources. Only after the unification of Italy, and also after the Second World War, the water supply systems have been improved, and new aqueducts have brought again high-quality waters to Benevento coming from karst aquifers. Nowadays, the drinking water management of Benevento is still a matter of debate. In the near future, the water from a dam-reservoir (Campolattaro dam, Tammaro River) will be exploited to guarantee the water needs of the city, and water-supply systems will undergo further changes . The knowledge about the historical evolution of the water supply of Benevento represents an essential requirement for consciously analyzing the future planning and management of water resources.

Groundwater in Katowice - center of a large urban and deep coal mining area in Poland

Lidia Razowska-Jaworek — 2024-09-30

The paper presents the groundwater resources of Katowice and the results of studies conducted to identify prospective areas in aquifers with sufficient water resources for the location of public water intakes. The city of Katowice is the capital of Upper Silesia, the largest urban-industrial area in Poland, the region with a highly developed hard coal mining and many other different industries covering almost the entire scope of the economy. Due to long term drainage of mines causing the depletion and deterioration of groundwater and surface water resources, the main municipal water intakes have been located outside Katowice. Most of the pumped mine water is discharged into surface waters, causing significant salinity of water and disallow its use for municipal or industrial purposes in Katowice. The water collection and supply system is very extensive and covers a significant part of the Silesian agglomeration which is why Katowice is supplied with water from surface water intakes located outside the city. According to older published materials, such as the Hydrogeological map of Poland, there were no aquifers in the city that could have been used to supply the city with drinking water, however recent studies have shown that groundwater in the Quaternary aquifers in the western part of the city can be used to supply the city with public water. Less productive, Quaternary aquifers in north-eastern parts of the city may constitute the basis for drinking water supply in emergency situations, when surface intakes cannot be used, such as toxic, radiological or viral contamination or damage to the water supply network eg. as a result of an earthquake or warfare.

[Closed loop low enthalpy geothermal systems for underground heat exchange: public records, available data, implications for planning]

Paolo Cerutti — 2024-09-30

[Article in Italian]

Impianti geotermici a bassa entalpia a circuito chiuso per il geoscambio nel sottosuolo: registri pubblici, dati disponibili, implicazioni per la programmazione

[Italian national guidelines for data-center environmental assessment]

Paolo Cerutti — 2024-09-30

[Article in Italian]

Linee guida nazionali per le procedure di valutazione ambientale dei data-center

[Cesare Cipolletti, from the Tiber Island to the Andes]

Alessio Argentieri — 2024-09-30

[Article in Italian]

Cesare Cipolletti, dall’isola Tiberina alle Ande